Christina khler dissertation

Christina khler dissertation

I Christina Khler Dissertation ordered two papers and received perfect results. I know that it is a time consuming Christina Khler Dissertation job to write dissertations. I had no time to compete my dissertation, but my friend recommended this website. The second paper I ordered was a research report on history If you feel Christina Khler Dissertation overloaded with tasks and extracurricular activities, it's natural you might look for someone to ask, "Do my paper for me." Though, we recommend you select only reliable services, like ours, and only then ask them "Write my essay." Nov 01,  · The Sommerfeld House in Berlin (, destroyed ) with its expressionist wooden decoration, as well as the early furniture of Marcel Breuer and Gunta Stölzl and some of the early pottery are examples of this phase (Bauhaus, ). Christina Lodder places the early Bauhaus as part of a larger artistic movement in search of "spiritual

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What they were working towards was vision for society in which citizens, architecture, christina khler dissertation, product design, agriculture, entertainment, science and art would exist together in one unified, rational programme: Modernism.

To the young people at the Bauhaus, overlooking the rising industrial town of Dessau from their glass-wrapped studios this idea must have felt utterly within reach: In a country still struggling to recover from the First World War, with violent revolutions going on in Europe and new technology changing every aspect of life, christina khler dissertation, change seemed inevitable.

Wilder, How exactly that change should look like, the Bauhausler never quite agreed on. The early Bauhaus was driven by the search for individual expression. Johannes Itten, with his head shaved and wearing a robe of his own design, taught the now-famous Vorkurs: Here, students developed their personal means of expression through meditation, philosophy and basic exercises Bauhaus de, The Bauhaus started to move toward a more collective outlook inwhen Theo van Doesburg, a proponent of De Stijl began teaching at the Bauhaus, christina khler dissertation.

He introduced the reduction to geometric shapes and primary colours that would come to define the "Bauhaus Style". The following year Hungarian artist Laszlo Moholy-Nagy took over teaching of the preliminary course. He replaced much of Itten's ecclectic curriculum with exercises using industrial material. In the following years, objectivity and scientific rigor remained the governing thought at the Bauhaus. It was during this later period that Marcel Breuer produced furniture christina khler dissertation of precision steel tube, Marianne Brandt designed geometric household items and Walter Gropius completed some of the most iconic examples of modernist architecture Droste, Despite its academic success the Christina khler dissertation was faced with political pressure from its inception.

The increasingly right-wing government of Weimar forced the Bauhaus to move to Dessau in When the Nazis came to national power in the s, christina khler dissertation, the Bauhaus again to Berlin where, after a brief period under the leadership of Mies van der Rohe, the school disbanded in Many former Bauhausler were forced to flee Germany, which of course only served to spread Bauhaus ideas.

Gropius, Breuer, Mies and others continued to teach in the United States, contributing to the emergence of the International Style. The architectural legacy of the Bauhaus surrounds us to this day. I'm writing this from a s university building with steel windows, concrete slab floors and curtain walls not dissimilar to what Gropius used 40 years prior in Dessau. Similar buildings can be found in cities all over the world. However, christina khler dissertation, desipite its ubiquity, modernist architecture, particularly in the context of social housing, has been a point of contention for the better part of a century.

Critics like Nikolaus Pevsner describe modernist housing developments as "impersonal and megalomaniac creations" Fletcher,incapable of meeting the diverse needs of their residents, christina khler dissertation.

This gets to the conflict that this essay sets out to explore: The apparent contradiction between individualism the collectivist utopia of modernism — a contradiction that is deeply embedded within the modernist movement and the changing perception of its products over the course of the 20th century.

When we ask about the conflict between individualism and collectivism in modernism, we should start by defining the conflict. In fact, we can identify two different conflicts at play simultaneously: First, there is the conflict between the collectivist, egalitarian vision of modernism and the image of the heroic, sole creator be it Le Corbusier, Walter Gropius or Mies van der Rohe who is christina khler dissertation to bring that vision to life.

This is linked to Marianne DeKoven's analysis of modernism and gender, which places the myth of the male hero artist at the very centre of modernist thinking, christina khler dissertation. Secondly, I'm going to examine the conflict between modernist architecture and the individualism of the people inhabiting it in the context of post-war consumerism. This conflict is defined on one side by the collectivist utopia of the Bauhaus: A world in which housing, transportation, appliances, christina khler dissertation, culture and food is designed through a scientific process and mass-produced by machines to be affordable to everyone.

By reducing forms to their functional minimum, the Bauhaus aimed to create universal solutions for housing, education and everyday life. On the other side is the populist critique of those universal solutions as being fundamentally at odds with the people's inherent individualism — a christina khler dissertation epitomised by the image of the derelict housing block.

THis line of attack which originates in the s with Oscar Newman's study "Defensible Space: People and Design in the Violent City", christina khler dissertation, which links modernist housing with increased crime, arguing that the spatial design of housing blocks makes them christina khler dissertation unsafe, and that private space, rather than public space should be prioritised.

Newman's work has since been criticised for its overly broad assumptions about the nature of human interaction Steventon, Popular critics such as Tom Wolfe criticise modernist housing as being overly academic and fundamentally unfit for its purpose.

Wolfe cites the widely publicized demolition of the Pruitt—Igoe housing estate in St. Louis in only 20 years after its construction as evidence for the failure of christina khler dissertation collectivist ideas of modernism. This popular rejection of modernist housing models on the grounds that it doesn't reflect people's individualism can be linked to the emergence of modern consumerism in the second half of the 20th century.

As Miles shows, consumer culture emerges as a result of an increase in real wages and improved production methods suddenly making commodities available to large parts of the population. This leads to a shift from fordist principles of large-scale production and mass-market appeal to post-fordist production, in which a diversified workforce creates products designed for smaller and smaller sub-sets of consumers. As a result of this, consumption becomes a cultural act — a way of asserting your identity, belonging to a particular group or having a certain level christina khler dissertation status.

Crucially, the idea of consumer freedom is linked to the idea of political freedom, as Slater argues:. To be a consumer is to make choices: to decide what you want, to consider how to spend your money to get it [ slaterp According to Slater, this link between consumer choice and political freedom is especially pronounced in the s, when "collective and social provision gave way to radical individualism — as Thatcher put it, 'There is no such thing as a society, only individuals and their families'" Slaterp The idea of individual consumer freedom is pitched as christina khler dissertation polar opposite of pre-war ideas of collectivism — the subsequent rejection of modernist housing models isn't much of a surprise.

To see how these two conflicts manifest themselves in physcial architecture I'm going to introduce the architectural practice at the Bauhaus, placing it in the wider context of modernist thinking. I will then examine the Dessau-Törten housing settlement near Leipzig, Germany as an example of this practice. Built by Walter Gropius between andTörten has been subject to significant alterations by its residents over the last 90 years.

By tracking these alterations, I will show how these underlying conflicts shift and overlap over time. In closing, I will examine more recent housing models in the context of a post-industrial economy, again discussing how the conflict between individualism and collectivist ideas is reconciled. The emergence of modernism in the beginning of the 20th century coincides with the first wave of feminism. The modernist focus on the machine, christina khler dissertation, speed, efficiency which were perceived as trditionally male attributes and opposition of ornament and sentimentality which were regarded as female is seen by critics as a reactionary response by male modernists to the new, empowered woman Dekoven, We see this reflected in the openly misogynist language of the futurist manifesto:.

We will glorify war—the world's only hygiene—militarism, patriotism, the destructive gesture of freedom-bringers, beautiful ideas worth dying for, and scorn for woman, christina khler dissertation. We will destroy the museums, libraries, academies of every kind, christina khler dissertation, will fight moralism, feminism, every opportunistic or utilitarian cowardice, christina khler dissertation. Marinetti, Here Marinetti is laying out the idea of the heroic, hyper-male creator — a notion that is ultimately reflected in the cult of personality of fascism, which the Futurist movement supported Blum, This regressive notion of the authoritarian male artist standss in contrast to the egalitarian aims of the modernist movement, which included the empowerment of women.

DeKoven points out:. This masculinist misogyny, however, was almost universally accompanied by its dialectical twin: a fascination and strong identification with the empowered feminine. DeKoven,p. DeKoven is talking about this contradiction in the context of modernist literature here, but I would argue that her analysis can be expanded to architecture: The figure of the sharply dressed hero architect be it Le Corbusier, Walter Gropius or Mies van der Rohe who is literally tasked with designing the new world stands in contrast to the egalitarian, collectivist vision of society the modernist movement was working toward.

It is possible to draw a direct lineage from the Futurist movement to the Bauhaus. InAdolf Loos echoes Marinetti's denunciation of ornament though with a Darwinian twist, arguing that " cultural evolution is equivalent to the removal of ornament".

Loos goes on to say that. As ornament is no longer a natural product of our civilization, it accordingly represents backwardness or degeneration [ The notion that ornament is to be overcome in order to achieve progress is reflected in Gropius' Bauhaus manifesto:. The ornamentation of the building was once the main purpose of the visual arts, and they were considered indispensable parts of the great building.

Today, christina khler dissertation, they exist in complacent isolation, from which they can only be salvaged by the purposeful and cooperative endeavours of all artisans.

He then explains how "the new building" would unite all artistic disciplines — again echoing the Futurists' denunciation of the past:. So let us therefore create a new guild of craftsmen, free of the divisive class pretensions that endeavoured to raise a prideful barrier between craftsmen and artists! Let us strive for, conceive and create the new building of the future that will unite every discipline, christina khler dissertation, architecture and sculpture and painting, and which will one day rise heavenwards from the million hands of craftsmen as a clear symbol of a new belief to come.

It is worth highlighting Gropius' use of mediaeval imagery to talk about the future. The concept of craft guilds, which Gropius refers to in the opening sentence dates back to christina khler dissertation 13th century. Further, the "building [ Although these mediaeval aesthetics seem opposed to the Christina khler dissertation vision of a mechanised future, the underlying ideas are consistent. There is the denunciation of the past, the rejection of female ornamentation in favour of male clarity and objectivity.

Using almost biblical language, the male architect is positioned as a hero figure tasked to build a better society. The contradiction described by DeKoven is perhaps epitomised in Gropius' admission christina khler dissertation While women were allowed at the Bauhaus a progressive move inGropius made sure they were funneled into the weaving and painting workshops — the architecture department was exclusively male Droste, Following the revivalist imagery christina khler dissertation the manifesto, work at the early Bauhaus was defined by a return to pre-industrial forms.

The Sommerfeld House in Berlindestroyed with its expressionist wooden decoration, as well as the early furniture of Marcel Breuer and Gunta Stölzl and some of the early pottery are examples of this phase Bauhaus, Christina Lodder places the early Bauhaus as part of a larger christina khler dissertation movement in search of "spiritual utopia". She argues that christina khler dissertation rejection of materialism and 19th-century positivist outlooks" following the First World War inspired expressionist artists "to infuse [their work] with a spiritual dimension, and to promote the idea that art and architecture were thereby the means of saving mankind from modernity" Lodder,p.

The transition to a more rational, technology-focused outlook at the Bauhaus came in with the arrivals of Theo van Doesburg and Lazlo Moholy-Nagy in Weimar. This new direction was defined by the notion that scientific progress, industrial production and rational decision-making christina khler dissertation be employed to solve the "materialism, repressive political structures and glaring social inequalities" of the present Lodder,christina khler dissertation. From the prespective of modernists, crime, disease, alcoholism and scoial inequality were directly linked to the "overcrowded cities", christina khler dissertation, "old and rotten buildings and poor sanitary conditions" Le Corbusier, that industralisation had left behind.

A film titled 'Die Neue Wohnung' [The New Dwelling] illustrates this idea in striking images fig, christina khler dissertation. Dark shots of derelict workers' homes are interspersed with scenes of domestic violence and disease. This is then set in contrast to the mdoernist vision of the future: Brightly lit shots of clean interiors with mass-produced, ornament-free furniture.

The film ends with a title card announcing: "A better future will hold affordable and humane housing FOR EVERYONE" Richter, christina khler dissertation, — emphasizing the aspiration for social equality that imbues modernist thinking.

Figure 1: Video stills from 'The New Dwelling' ['Die Neue Wohnung'], a film showing the benefits of modernist housing. The change in lighting from dark to light in The New Living is no accident: Access to sunlight and air is a central aim of modernist architecture.

This can be linked to the belief the benefits of heliotherapy the idea that sunlight and air could cure diseaseswhich was widespread in the s, as was the notion that personal hygiene and cleansiness would lead to a better society Wilk, We see Gropius implementing these ideas in Törten by using unusually large windows combined with relatively small floorspace, and floors and furniture that would be easy to clean.

Gropius lays out his own version of these ideas in his book "Ein Versuchshaus des Bauhauses in Weimar" [A trial building by the Bauhaus in Weimar]. The title refers to the Haus am Horn in Weimar, which was built for the Bauhaus exhibition in In the introduction Gropius argues that the new age "makes it necessary to finally realise the old idea of building typical dwellinggs cheaper, better and in larger numbers to give every family access to healthy living conditions" Gropiuspage 5.

Christina khler dissertation way to achieve this, according to Gropius is to understand the housing problem "in its entire sociological, economical, technical and formal context". Gropiuspage 5.

Gropius also offers specific ideas on how these issues might be addressed.

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Christina Khler Dissertation conditions. You also agree to use the papers we provide as a general guideline for writing your own paper and to not hold the company liable to any damages resulting from the use of the paper we provide Nov 01,  · The Sommerfeld House in Berlin (, destroyed ) with its expressionist wooden decoration, as well as the early furniture of Marcel Breuer and Gunta Stölzl and some of the early pottery are examples of this phase (Bauhaus, ). Christina Lodder places the early Bauhaus as part of a larger artistic movement in search of "spiritual I Christina Khler Dissertation ordered two papers and received perfect results. I know that it is a time consuming Christina Khler Dissertation job to write dissertations. I had no time to compete my dissertation, but my friend recommended this website. The second paper I ordered was a research report on history